Hebrew latinization guide: Difference between revisions
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== Summary == |
== Summary == |
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Non-alphabet spellings listed in ''italics.'' |
Non-alphabet spellings listed in ''italics.'' Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, or with inflection suffixes. |
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Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, words with one syllable, or with inflection suffixes. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
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|+Unmarked spellings |
|+Unmarked spellings |
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! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling |
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling |
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<small>Name</small> |
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! colspan="2" |Latinization |
! colspan="2" |Latinization |
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! rowspan="2" |Sound (IPA) |
! rowspan="2" |Sound (IPA) |
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!other |
!other |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>א</big> <small> |
!<big>א</big> <small>Alef</small> |
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|''none'' |
|''none'' |
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|' |
|' |
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|/ʔ/~''none'' |
|/ʔ/~''none'' |
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|gives vowel before grave accent (`) |
|gives vowel before grave accent (`). often silent |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big> |
!<big>ב</big> <small>Bét</small> |
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|b |
|b, v |
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|bb |
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|/b/ |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>ב</big> <small>(Bet)</small> |
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|v |
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|b, bh, w |
|b, bh, w |
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|/v/ |
|/b/, /v/ |
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|usually /b/ <nowiki><b> word-initally</nowiki> |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>גּ</big> <small>(Gimel)</small> |
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|g |
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|gh, gg |
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|/g/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ג</big> <small> |
!<big>ג</big> <small>Gimel</small> |
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|g |
|g |
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|gh |
|gh |
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|/g/ |
|/g/ |
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|used for foreign /ɣ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
!<big>ג׳</big> <small>''Gimel ximGeresh''</small> |
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|j |
|j |
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|ǧ |
|ǧ |
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|/d͡ʒ/ |
|/d͡ʒ/ |
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| |
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|mostly in loans |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ד</big> <small> |
!<big>ד</big> <small>Dalet</small> |
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|d |
|d |
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|dh, dd |
|dh, dd |
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|/d/ |
|/d/ |
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|used for foreign /ð/ and /dˀ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ה</big> <small> |
!<big>ה</big> <small>Hé</small> |
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|h, ''none'' (word-final) |
|h, ''none'' (word-final) |
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| |
| |
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|/h/~''none'', ''none'' |
|/h/~''none'', ''none'' |
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| |
|represents word-final vowels that are not kept in inflections |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ו</big> <small> |
!<big>ו</big> <small>Wáw</small> |
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|w |
|w |
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|v |
|u, v |
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|/v/ |
|/v/ |
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| |
|used for foreign /w/ |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
!<big>יו</big> <small>''Yud Wáw''</small> |
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|yw |
|yw |
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|v, w, yv |
|v, w, yv |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
!<big>ז</big> <small>Zayn, Zayin</small> |
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|u |
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|oo, ou |
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|u |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>ז</big> <small>(Zayin)</small> |
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|z |
|z |
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| |
| |
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|z |
|/z/ |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
!<big>ז׳</big> <small>''Zayn ximGeresh''</small> |
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|ž/zh |
|ž/zh |
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| |
| |
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|ʒ |
|/ʒ/ |
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| |
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|mostly in loans |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ח</big> <small> |
!<big>ח</big> <small>Hhét</small> |
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|ḥ/hh |
|ḥ/hh |
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|ch, kh, h, ḥ |
|ch, kh, h, ḥ |
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|ħ~χ |
|/ħ/~/χ/ |
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|often /χ/~/x/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ט</big> <small> |
!<big>ט</big> <small>Tét</small> |
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|ṭ/t |
|ṭ/t |
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| |
| |
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|t |
|/t/ |
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|used for foreign /t/ and /tˀ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>י</big> <small> |
!<big>י</big> <small>Yud, Yod</small> |
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|y |
|y |
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|i, j |
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| |
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|j |
|/j/ |
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|also used for foreign /zˀ/~/ðˀ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>כ -ך</big> <small> |
!<big>כ -ך</big> <small>Káf</small> |
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|k, kh |
|k, kh |
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| |
| |
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|/k/, /χ/ |
|/k/, /χ/ |
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|usually /k/ <k> word-initally |
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| |
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used for foreign /x/ and /kʰ/ |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ל</big> <small> |
!<big>ל</big> <small>Lamed</small> |
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|l |
|l |
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| |
| |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>מם</big> <small> |
!<big>מם</big> <small>Mém</small> |
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|m |
|m |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>נן</big> <small> |
!<big>נן</big> <small>Nun</small> |
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|n |
|n |
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| |
| |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ס</big> <small> |
!<big>ס</big> <small>Samekh</small> |
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|s |
|s |
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| |
| |
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|/s/ |
|/s/ |
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|transcribes foreign /sˀ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ע</big> <small> |
!<big>ע</big> <small>Xayn, Xayin</small> |
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|x |
|x |
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|', 3, gh, j |
|', 3, gh, j |
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|/ʕ/~/ʔ/ |
|/ʕ/~/ʔ/ |
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|often /ʔ/ or silent. can transcribe foreign /ɣ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small> |
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>Pé</small> |
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|p |
|p, f |
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|ph, pp |
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| |
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|/p/ |
|/p/, /f/ |
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|usually /p/ <nowiki><p> word-initially</nowiki> |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big> |
!<big>צ -ץ</big> <small>Tzadik, Tzadi</small> |
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|f |
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| |
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|/f/ |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>צ -ץ</big> <small>(Tzadik)</small> |
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|ç/tz |
|ç/tz |
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|c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ |
|c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ |
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|/t͡s/ |
|/t͡s/ |
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|used for foreign /sˀ/ |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>צ׳ -ץ׳</big> <small> |
!<big>צ׳ -ץ׳</big> <small>''Tzadik ximGeresh''</small> |
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|c |
|c |
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|č, ch, tš |
|č, ch, tš |
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|/t͡ʃ/ |
|/t͡ʃ/ |
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|used for foreign /dˀ/ |
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|mostly in loans |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ק</big> <small> |
!<big>ק</big> <small>Kuf, Kof</small> |
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|ḳ/k |
|ḳ/k |
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|q |
|q |
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|/k/ |
|/k/ |
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|used for /k/ |
|used for foreign /k/ and /q/ |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ר</big> <small> |
!<big>ר</big> <small>Résh</small> |
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|r |
|r |
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| |
| |
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|/ʁ/, /r/ |
|/ʁ/~/ɣ/, /r/ |
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|/r/ is possible but substandard |
|/r/ is possible but substandard |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>ש</big> <small> |
!<big>ש</big> <small>Shin</small> |
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|š/sh |
|š/ sh |
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| |
| |
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|/ʃ/ |
|/ʃ/, /s/ |
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|usually /ʃ/ <š/ sh>, but some words have /s/ <ś/ s> |
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|Hebrew letter sometimes has a top-right dot |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big> |
!<big>ת</big> <small>Táw</small> |
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|ś/s |
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|ç |
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|/s/ |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>ת</big> <small>(Taw)</small> |
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|t |
|t |
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|tt |
|th, tt |
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|/t/ |
|/t/ |
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|used for /θ/ |
|used for foreign /θ/ and /tʰ/ |
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|- |
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!<big>ת</big> <small>(Taw)</small> |
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|t |
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|th |
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|/t/ |
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| |
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|} |
|} |
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The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter. |
The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
||
|+Marked spellings |
|+Marked spellings |
||
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small> |
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small> |
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Line 216: | Line 180: | ||
!other |
!other |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אְ</big> <small> |
!<big>אְ</big> <small>Shwà Nahh</small> |
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|''none'' |
|''none'' |
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|''none'' |
|''none'' |
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Line 222: | Line 186: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אְ</big> <small> |
!<big>אְ</big> <small>Shwà Nax</small> |
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|e |
|e |
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|ė, ë, ə |
|ė, ë, ə |
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Line 228: | Line 192: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אַ</big> <small> |
!<big>אַ</big> <small>Patahh</small> |
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|a |
|a |
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| |
| |
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Line 234: | Line 198: | ||
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אֲ</big> <small> |
!<big>אֲ</big> <small>Hhatáf Patahh</small> |
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|a |
|a |
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|ǎ |
|ǎ |
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Line 240: | Line 204: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אׇ</big> |
!<big>אׇ</big> |
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<small>Kamatz Gadol</small> |
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|a |
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|á, a |
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|â |
|â |
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|/a/ |
|/a/ |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אׇ</big> |
!<big>אׇ</big> |
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<small>Kamatz Katan</small> |
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|o |
|o |
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|ǒ |
|ǒ |
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|/o/ |
|/o/ |
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|sometimes substandardly |
|sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a> |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אֳ</big> <small> |
!<big>אֳ</big> <small>Hhatáf Kamatz</small> |
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|o |
|o |
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|a |
|a |
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|/o/ |
|/o/ |
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|sometimes substandardly |
|sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a> |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אֶ</big> |
!<big>אֶ</big> |
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<small>Segól</small> |
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|e |
|e |
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| |
| |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אֱ</big> <small> |
!<big>אֱ</big> <small>Hhatáf Segól</small> |
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|e |
|e |
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|ě |
|ě |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אֵ</big> <small> |
!<big>אֵ</big> <small>Tzere</small> |
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|e |
|é, e |
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|ē, ê |
|ē, ê, ei, ey |
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|/e/ |
|/e/ |
||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big> |
!<big>אֵי</big> <small>Tzere Malè</small> |
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|é, e |
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|ē, ê, ei, ey |
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|/e/ |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>אִ</big> <small>Hhirik</small> |
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|i |
|i |
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|ǐ |
|ǐ |
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Line 282: | Line 255: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big> |
!<big>אִי</big> <small>Hhirik Malè</small> |
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|í, i |
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|o |
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| |
|ī, î, iy |
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|/i/ |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>אֹ</big> <small>Hholám</small> |
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|ó, o |
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|ō, ô, ou, ow |
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|/o/ |
|/o/ |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אֻ</big> |
!<big>אֻ</big> |
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<small>Kubútz</small> |
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|u |
|u |
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|i, y |
|i, y |
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|/u/ |
|/u/ |
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|also called shurek or shuruk |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>אּ</big> <small> |
!<big>אּ</big> <small>Dagésh</small> |
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|''(´) on following vowel'' |
|''(´) on following vowel'' |
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|''(doubles consonant)'' |
|''(doubles consonant)'' |
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|''none'' |
|''none'' |
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|marks stress in the following syllable |
|marks stress in the following syllable |
||
also changes sound of the letters < |
also changes sound of the letters <ב ג ד ה ו כך פף ת> |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>בּ</big> <small> |
!<big>בּ</big> <small>''Bét Dagésh''</small> |
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|b |
|b |
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| -bb- |
| -bb- |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>גּ</big> <small> |
!<big>גּ</big> <small>''Gimel Dagésh''</small> |
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|g |
|g |
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| -gg- |
| -gg- |
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Line 313: | Line 293: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>דּ</big> <small> |
!<big>דּ</big> <small>''Dalet Dagésh''</small> |
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|d |
|d |
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| -dd- |
| -dd- |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>הּ</big> <small> |
!<big>הּ</big> <small>''He ximMapík''</small> |
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|h |
|h |
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| -hh, ''none'' |
| -hh, ''none'' |
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|/h/~''none'' |
|/h/~''none'' |
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|also substandardly silent |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!וּ <small> |
!<big>וּ</big> <small>Shuruk</small> |
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|u |
|ú, u |
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|oo, ou |
|oo, ou |
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|/u/ |
|/u/ |
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|also called melòpum |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>כּ -ךּ</big> <small> |
!<big>כּ -ךּ</big> <small>''Káf ximDagésh''</small> |
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|k |
|k |
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| -cc-, -ck-, -kk- |
| -cc-, -ck-, -kk- |
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Line 337: | Line 317: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small> |
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>''Pé ximDagésh''</small> |
||
|p |
|p |
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| -pp- |
| -pp- |
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Line 343: | Line 323: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>תּ</big> <small> |
!<big>תּ</big> <small>''Táw ximDagésh''</small> |
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|t |
|t |
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| -tt- |
| -tt- |
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Line 349: | Line 329: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big> |
!<big>וׂ</big> <small>Hholam Malè</small> |
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|ó, o |
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|š/sh |
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|ō, ô, ou, ow |
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|/o/ |
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| |
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|- |
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!<big>שׁ</big> <small>''Shin Nekuda''</small> |
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|š/ sh |
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| |
| |
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|/ʃ/ |
|/ʃ/ |
||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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!<big>שׂ</big> <small> |
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>''Sin Nekuda''</small> |
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|ś/s |
|ś/ s |
||
|ç |
|ç |
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|/s/ |
|/s/ |
||
| |
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|- |
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!׳ |
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<small>Geresh, Cupcik</small> |
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|changes letter sounds |
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| |
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|n/a |
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| |
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|- |
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!״ |
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<small>Gershayím</small> |
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|marks an acronym |
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| |
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|n/a |
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| |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
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|+Irregular spellings |
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!Hebrew spelling |
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!Meaning |
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!Wiki latinization |
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!Irregularity |
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!Sound (IPA) |
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!Notes |
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|- |
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== Sources == |
== Sources == |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Latinization guides]] |
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[[Category:Language guides]] |
Latest revision as of 21:08, 28 May 2023
Summary
Non-alphabet spellings listed in italics. Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, or with inflection suffixes.
Hebrew spelling
Name |
Latinization | Sound (IPA) | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
wiki | other | |||
א Alef | none | ' | /ʔ/~none | gives vowel before grave accent (`). often silent |
ב Bét | b, v | b, bh, w | /b/, /v/ | usually /b/ <b> word-initally |
ג Gimel | g | gh | /g/ | used for foreign /ɣ/ |
ג׳ Gimel ximGeresh | j | ǧ | /d͡ʒ/ | |
ד Dalet | d | dh, dd | /d/ | used for foreign /ð/ and /dˀ/ |
ה Hé | h, none (word-final) | /h/~none, none | represents word-final vowels that are not kept in inflections | |
ו Wáw | w | u, v | /v/ | used for foreign /w/ |
יו Yud Wáw | yw | v, w, yv | /v/ | |
ז Zayn, Zayin | z | /z/ | ||
ז׳ Zayn ximGeresh | ž/zh | /ʒ/ | ||
ח Hhét | ḥ/hh | ch, kh, h, ḥ | /ħ/~/χ/ | often /χ/~/x/ |
ט Tét | ṭ/t | /t/ | used for foreign /t/ and /tˀ/ | |
י Yud, Yod | y | i, j | /j/ | also used for foreign /zˀ/~/ðˀ/ |
כ -ך Káf | k, kh | /k/, /χ/ | usually /k/ <k> word-initally
used for foreign /x/ and /kʰ/ | |
ל Lamed | l | /l/ | ||
מם Mém | m | /m/ | ||
נן Nun | n | /n/ | ||
ס Samekh | s | /s/ | transcribes foreign /sˀ/ | |
ע Xayn, Xayin | x | ', 3, gh, j | /ʕ/~/ʔ/ | often /ʔ/ or silent. can transcribe foreign /ɣ/ |
פּ -ףּ Pé | p, f | ph, pp | /p/, /f/ | usually /p/ <p> word-initially |
צ -ץ Tzadik, Tzadi | ç/tz | c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ | /t͡s/ | used for foreign /sˀ/ |
צ׳ -ץ׳ Tzadik ximGeresh | c | č, ch, tš | /t͡ʃ/ | used for foreign /dˀ/ |
ק Kuf, Kof | ḳ/k | q | /k/ | used for foreign /k/ and /q/ |
ר Résh | r | /ʁ/~/ɣ/, /r/ | /r/ is possible but substandard | |
ש Shin | š/ sh | /ʃ/, /s/ | usually /ʃ/ <š/ sh>, but some words have /s/ <ś/ s> | |
ת Táw | t | th, tt | /t/ | used for foreign /θ/ and /tʰ/ |
The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.
Hebrew spelling (name) | Latinization | Sound (IPA) | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
wiki | other | |||
אְ Shwà Nahh | none | none | none | |
אְ Shwà Nax | e | ė, ë, ə | /e/ | |
אַ Patahh | a | /a/ | ||
אֲ Hhatáf Patahh | a | ǎ | /a/ | |
אׇ
Kamatz Gadol |
á, a | â | /a/ | |
אׇ
Kamatz Katan |
o | ǒ | /o/ | sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a> |
אֳ Hhatáf Kamatz | o | a | /o/ | sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a> |
אֶ
Segól |
e | /e/ | ||
אֱ Hhatáf Segól | e | ě | /e/ | |
אֵ Tzere | é, e | ē, ê, ei, ey | /e/ | |
אֵי Tzere Malè | é, e | ē, ê, ei, ey | /e/ | |
אִ Hhirik | i | ǐ | /i/ | |
אִי Hhirik Malè | í, i | ī, î, iy | /i/ | |
אֹ Hholám | ó, o | ō, ô, ou, ow | /o/ | |
אֻ
Kubútz |
u | i, y | /u/ | also called shurek or shuruk |
אּ Dagésh | (´) on following vowel | (doubles consonant) | none | marks stress in the following syllable
also changes sound of the letters <ב ג ד ה ו כך פף ת> |
בּ Bét Dagésh | b | -bb- | /b/ | |
גּ Gimel Dagésh | g | -gg- | /g/ | |
דּ Dalet Dagésh | d | -dd- | /d/ | |
הּ He ximMapík | h | -hh, none | /h/~none | also substandardly silent |
וּ Shuruk | ú, u | oo, ou | /u/ | also called melòpum |
כּ -ךּ Káf ximDagésh | k | -cc-, -ck-, -kk- | /k/ | |
פּ -ףּ Pé ximDagésh | p | -pp- | /p/ | |
תּ Táw ximDagésh | t | -tt- | /t/ | |
וׂ Hholam Malè | ó, o | ō, ô, ou, ow | /o/ | |
שׁ Shin Nekuda | š/ sh | /ʃ/ | ||
שׂ Sin Nekuda | ś/ s | ç | /s/ | |
׳
Geresh, Cupcik |
changes letter sounds | n/a | ||
״
Gershayím |
marks an acronym | n/a |
Hebrew spelling | Meaning | Wiki latinization | Irregularity | Sound (IPA) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|