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Japanese latinization guide: Difference between revisions
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This article describes official wiki policy for latinizing Japanese words and names, as well as Japanese titles using renderings of non-Japanese words and names.
Japanese uses three writing systems in tandem:
* '''kanji''', symbols that represent words or concepts. all have hiragana transcriptions of their pronunciation.
* '''hiragana''', letters for native and nativized Japanese words.
* '''katakana''', letters for foreign words, foreign names, slang, onomatopeia, in emphasis, and names of wildlife.
The two letter systems are collectively known as '''kana''' and repesent syllables and moras in words and names. Only vowels and syllable-final /ɴ/ are written by themselves. Moras are syllables narrowed for pronunciation effects, and are also called "morae" or "weighted syllables". Some varieties of Japanese operate per-syllable, but not the standard.
When latinizing, always go by the kana latinization section, even when the original text contains kanji. Only mark writing system is used if it's important to distinguishing and/or requested for a specific name. In thoses cases write superscript <sup>1</sup>, <sup>2</sup>, and <sup>3</sup> in latinizations for marking kanji, hiragana, and katakana, respectively.
== Kana latinization ==
The letters are in Japanese order by default. Kana writing is almost entirely regular, with only 2-3 words not being pronounced as they are normally written, which are listed in the notes. Kana names are simply the sound(s) represent. They can be followed by "kana" or the specific type of kana if clarity is needed.
All latinized spelling clusters can be separated with an apostrophe <'>. This is not done in all-kana writing but is key to pronunciation and applies to writing with kanji.
Katakana are often used to adapt foreign names in way that is not immediately obvious. This will be shown in a table after the letters and marks.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Kana letters
!Japanese spelling
! colspan="2" |Latinization
Line 27 ⟶ 24:
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!hiragana/ katakana <small>name</small>
!Wiki
!''other''
|-
! colspan="5" |Base letters
|-
!あ/ ア
|'''a'''
|
|a
Line 38 ⟶ 37:
|-
!ああ/ アア
|'''aa'''
|a, ā, â, ah
|a:
Line 44 ⟶ 43:
|-
!い/ イ
|'''i'''
|yi
|i
Line 50 ⟶ 49:
|-
!いい/ イイ
|'''ii'''
|ī, î, ih
|i:
Line 56 ⟶ 55:
|-
!う/ ウ
|'''u'''
|wu
|ɯ
Line 62 ⟶ 61:
|-
!うう/ ウウ
|'''uu'''
|u, ū
|ɯ:
Line 68 ⟶ 67:
|-
!え/ エ
|'''e'''
|ye
|e
Line 74 ⟶ 73:
|-
!えい/ エイ
|'''ee'''
|e, ē, ê, ee, eh, ei, ey
|e:
|
|-
!ええ/ エエ
|'''ee'''
|e, ē, ê, ee, eh, ei, ey
|e:
|
|-
!お/ オ
|'''o'''
|wo
|o
|
|-
!おう/ オウ
|'''oo'''
|o, ō, ô, oh, oo, ou, ow
|o:
|
|-
!おお/ オオ
|'''oo'''
|o, ō, ô, oh, oo, ou, ow
|o:
|
|-
!か/ カ
|'''ka'''
|
|ka
Line 110 ⟶ 109:
|-
!き/ キ
|'''ki'''
|
|kʲi
Line 116 ⟶ 115:
|-
!く/ ク
|'''ku'''
|
|kɯ
Line 122 ⟶ 121:
|-
!け/ ケ
|'''ke'''
|
|ke
Line 128 ⟶ 127:
|-
!こ/ コ
|'''ko'''
|
|ko
Line 134 ⟶ 133:
|-
!きゃ/ キャ
|'''kya'''
|
|kʲa
Line 140 ⟶ 139:
|-
!きゅ/ キュ
|'''kyu'''
|
|kʲɯ
Line 146 ⟶ 145:
|-
!きょ/ キョ
|'''kyo'''
|
|kʲo
Line 152 ⟶ 151:
|-
!が/ ガ
|'''ga'''
|
|ga
Line 158 ⟶ 157:
|-
!ぎ/ ギ
|'''gi'''
|
|gʲi
Line 164 ⟶ 163:
|-
!ぐ/ グ
|'''gu'''
|
|gɯ
Line 170 ⟶ 169:
|-
!げ/ ゲ
|'''ge'''
|
|ge
Line 176 ⟶ 175:
|-
!ご/ ゴ
|'''go'''
|
|go
Line 182 ⟶ 181:
|-
!ぎゃ/ ギャ
|'''gya'''
|
|gʲa
Line 188 ⟶ 187:
|-
!ぎゅ/ ギュ
|'''gyu'''
|
|gʲɯ
Line 194 ⟶ 193:
|-
!ぎょ/ ギョ
|'''gyo'''
|
|gʲo
Line 200 ⟶ 199:
|-
!さ/ サ
|'''sa'''
|
|sa
Line 206 ⟶ 205:
|-
!し/ シ
|'''shi'''
|
|ɕi
Line 212 ⟶ 211:
|-
!す/ ス
|'''su'''
|
|sɯ
Line 218 ⟶ 217:
|-
!せ/ セ
|'''se'''
|
|se
Line 224 ⟶ 223:
|-
!そ/ ソ
|'''so'''
|
|so
Line 230 ⟶ 229:
|-
!しゃ/ シャ
|'''sha'''
|sya
|ɕa
Line 236 ⟶ 235:
|-
!しゅ/ シュ
|'''shu'''
|syu
|ɕɯ
Line 242 ⟶ 241:
|-
!しょ/ ショ
|'''sho'''
|syo
|ɕo
Line 248 ⟶ 247:
|-
!ざ/ ザ
|'''za'''
|
|(d)za
Line 254 ⟶ 253:
|-
!じ/ ジ
|'''ji'''
|zhi, zi
|(d)ʑi
Line 260 ⟶ 259:
|-
!ず/ ズ
|'''zu'''
|
|(d)zɯ
Line 266 ⟶ 265:
|-
!ぜ/ ゼ
|'''ze'''
|
|(d)ze
Line 272 ⟶ 271:
|-
!ぞ/ ゾ
|'''zo'''
|
|(d)zo
Line 278 ⟶ 277:
|-
!じゃ/ ジャ
|'''ja'''
|jya, zha, zya
|(d)ʑa
Line 284 ⟶ 283:
|-
!じゃ/ ジュ
|'''ju'''
|jyu, zhu, zyu
|(d)ʑɯ
Line 290 ⟶ 289:
|-
!じょ/ ジョ
|'''jo'''
|jyo, zho, zyo
|(d)ʑo
Line 296 ⟶ 295:
|-
!た/ タ
|'''ta'''
|
|ta
Line 302 ⟶ 301:
|-
!ち/ チ
|'''chi'''
|ci, ti
|tɕi
Line 308 ⟶ 307:
|-
!つ/ ツ
|'''tsu'''
|tu
|tsɯ
Line 314 ⟶ 313:
|-
!て/ テ
|'''te'''
|
|te
Line 320 ⟶ 319:
|-
!と/ ト
|'''to'''
|
|to
Line 326 ⟶ 325:
|-
!ちゃ/ チャ
|'''cha'''
|ca, cya, tya
|tɕa
Line 332 ⟶ 331:
|-
!ちゅ/ チュ
|'''chu'''
|cu, cyu, tyu
|tɕɯ
Line 338 ⟶ 337:
|-
!ちょ/ チョ
|'''cho'''
|co, cyo, tyo
|tɕo
Line 344 ⟶ 343:
|-
!だ/ ダ
|'''da'''
|
|da
|
|-
!ぢ/
|'''dji'''
|di, ji
|(d)ʑi
Line 356 ⟶ 355:
|-
!づ/ ヅ
|'''dzu'''
|du, zu
|(d)zɯ
Line 362 ⟶ 361:
|-
!で/ デ
|'''de'''
|
|de
Line 368 ⟶ 367:
|-
!ど/ ド
|'''do'''
|
|do
Line 374 ⟶ 373:
|-
!ぢゃ/ ヂャ
|'''dja'''
|dya, ja, jya
|(d)ʑa
Line 380 ⟶ 379:
|-
!ぢゅ/ ヂュ
|'''dju'''
|dyu, ju, jyu
|(d)ʑɯ
Line 386 ⟶ 385:
|-
!ぢょ/ ヂョ
|'''djo'''
|dyo, jo, jyo
|(d)ʑo
Line 392 ⟶ 391:
|-
!な/ ナ
|'''na'''
|
|na
Line 398 ⟶ 397:
|-
!に/ ニ
|'''ni'''
|
|nʲi
Line 404 ⟶ 403:
|-
!ぬ/ ヌ
|'''nu'''
|
|nɯ
Line 410 ⟶ 409:
|-
!ね/ ネ
|'''ne'''
|
|ne
Line 416 ⟶ 415:
|-
!の/ ノ
|'''no'''
|
|no
Line 422 ⟶ 421:
|-
!にゃ/ ニャ
|'''nya'''
|
|nʲa
Line 428 ⟶ 427:
|-
!にゅ/ ニュ
|'''nyu'''
|
|nʲɯ
Line 434 ⟶ 433:
|-
!にょ/ ニョ
|'''nyo'''
|
|nʲo
Line 440 ⟶ 439:
|-
!は/ ハ
|'''ha, (wa)'''
|fa
|ha,
|latinized
|-
!ひ/ ヒ
|'''hi'''
|fi
|çi
Line 452 ⟶ 451:
|-
!ふ/ フ
|'''fu'''
|hu
|ɸɯ
Line 458 ⟶ 457:
|-
!へ/ へ
|'''he, (e)'''
|fe
|he,
|latinized
|-
!ほ/ ホ
|'''ho'''
|fo
|ho
Line 470 ⟶ 469:
|-
!ひゃ/ ヒャ
|'''hya'''
|fya
|ça
Line 476 ⟶ 475:
|-
!ひゅ/ ヒュ
|'''hyu'''
|fyu
|çɯ
Line 482 ⟶ 481:
|-
!ひょ/ ヒョ
|'''hyo'''
|fyo
|ço
Line 488 ⟶ 487:
|-
!ば/ バ
|'''ba'''
|
|ba
Line 494 ⟶ 493:
|-
!び/ ビ
|'''bi'''
|
|bʲi
Line 500 ⟶ 499:
|-
!ぶ/ ブ
|'''bu'''
|
|bɯ
Line 506 ⟶ 505:
|-
!ベ/ ベ
|'''be'''
|
|be
Line 512 ⟶ 511:
|-
!ぼ/ ボ
|'''bo'''
|
|bo
Line 518 ⟶ 517:
|-
!びゃ/ ビャ
|'''bya'''
|
|bʲa
Line 524 ⟶ 523:
|-
!びゅ/ ビュ
|'''byu'''
|
|bʲɯ
Line 530 ⟶ 529:
|-
!びょ/ ビョ
|'''byo'''
|
|bʲo
Line 536 ⟶ 535:
|-
!ぱ/ パ
|'''pa'''
|
|pa
Line 542 ⟶ 541:
|-
!ぴ/ ピ
|'''pi'''
|
|pʲi
Line 548 ⟶ 547:
|-
!ぷ/ プ
|'''pu'''
|
|pɯ
Line 554 ⟶ 553:
|-
!ぺ/ ぺ
|'''pe'''
|
|pe
Line 560 ⟶ 559:
|-
!ぽ/ ポ
|'''po'''
|
|po
Line 566 ⟶ 565:
|-
!ぴゃ/ ピャ
|'''pya'''
|
|pʲa
Line 572 ⟶ 571:
|-
!ぴゅ/ ピュ
|'''pyu'''
|
|pʲɯ
Line 578 ⟶ 577:
|-
!ぴょ/ ピョ
|'''pyo'''
|
|pʲo
Line 584 ⟶ 583:
|-
!ま/ マ
|'''ma'''
|
|ma
Line 590 ⟶ 589:
|-
!み/ ミ
|'''mi'''
|
|mʲi
Line 596 ⟶ 595:
|-
!む/ ム
|'''mu'''
|
|mɯ
Line 602 ⟶ 601:
|-
!め/ メ
|'''me'''
|
|me
Line 608 ⟶ 607:
|-
!も/ モ
|'''mo'''
|
|mo
Line 614 ⟶ 613:
|-
!みゃ/ ミャ
|'''mya'''
|
|mʲa
Line 620 ⟶ 619:
|-
!みゅ/ ミュ
|'''myu'''
|
|mʲɯ
Line 626 ⟶ 625:
|-
!みょ/ ミョ
|'''myo'''
|
|mʲo
Line 632 ⟶ 631:
|-
!や/ ヤ
|'''ya'''
|
|ja
Line 638 ⟶ 637:
|-
!ゆ/ ユ
|'''yu'''
|
|jɯ
Line 644 ⟶ 643:
|-
!よ/ ヨ
|'''yo'''
|
|jo
Line 650 ⟶ 649:
|-
!ら/ ラ
|'''ra'''
|la
|(d)ɾa
|
|-
!り/ リ
|'''ri'''
|li
|(d)ɾʲi
|
|-
!る/ ル
|'''ru'''
|lu
|(d)ɾɯ
|
|-
!れ/ レ
|'''re'''
|le
|(d)ɾe
|
|-
!ろ/ ロ
|'''ro'''
|lo
|(d)ɾo
|
|-
!りゃ/ リャ
|'''rya'''
|lya
|(d)ɾʲa
|
|-
!りゅ/ リュ
|'''ryu'''
|lyu
|(d)ɾʲɯ
|
|-
!りょ/ リョ
|'''ryo'''
|lyo
|(d)ɾʲo
|
|-
!わ/ ワ
|'''wa'''
|
|ɰa
|
|-
!を/ ヲ
|'''wo'''
|o
|(ɰ)o
|only used in the accusative particle
|-
!ん/ ン
|'''n'''
|m
|ɴ~m~n~ŋ~iⁿ~ɯⁿ
|only used syllable-finally
|-
! colspan="5" |Marked kana
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Clusters
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Obsolete/ rare kana
|-
!ゐ/ ヰ
|'''wi'''
|i
|i
|
|-
!ゑ/ ヱ
|'''we'''
|e,
|e
|
|-
!'''ゟ <small>conjoined yori</small>'''
|'''yori'''
|
|joɾʲi
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Foreign name romanization
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Marks and punctuation ==
Japanese has several unique marks combined with kana letters, and unique punctuation written alongside any text. They are listed below, when differing from Latin alphabet and English norms.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Marks/ punctuation
!Japanese spelling
! rowspan="2" |Use
! rowspan="2" |Latinization
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!hiragana/ katakana <small>name</small>
|-
!゛<small>dakuten</small>
|changes kana letter sound
|varies, see above
|also called '''dots (tenten)'''
|-
!゜<small>handakuten</small>
|changes kana letter sound
|varies, see above
|also called '''circle (maru)'''
|-
!ー <small>choo'onpu</small>
|lengthens vowel ''before''
|vowel doubled, or macron (¯) on vowel
|
|-
!々 <small>kanji repeating mark</small>
|repeats kanji symbol ''before''
|''none''
|
|-
!ゝ/ヽ<small>kana repeating mark</small>
|repeats kana letter ''before''
|''none''
|
|-
!<small>つ/ ツ sokuon</small>
|has 2 uses:
# lengthens consonant ''after''
# adds /ʔ/ after vowel
|marked 2 ways:
# ''(first written) consonant doubled''
# <'> written after the vowel
|also called '''small tsu'''
vowel usage colloquial
|}
== Pitch accent/ tones ==
Japanese pitch accents/ tones aren't marked in any native writing, but are mandatory for proper pronuciation. They are latinized as the following marks over the relevant vowel:
* acute accents (´) mean pitch upticks. if a variety has tones, the acute accent goes only on pitched vowels with high tones. don't mark this on the most common word prosody type, heeban.
* up chevrons (^) mean high tones with a pitch uptick. this mark is only used for varieties that have tones.
* grave accents (`) mean low tones without a pitch uptick. this mark is only used for varieties that have tones.
* down chevrons (ˇ) mean low tones with a pitch uptick. this mark is only used for varieties that have tones.
Standard Japanese doesn't use tones, and some varieties of Japanese use neither pitch accent nor tones.
==
==
[[Category:
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