Hebrew latinization guide: Difference between revisions

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== Summary ==
== Summary ==
Non-alphabet spellings listed in ''italics.'' Marks are listed after letter spellings and use Bet by default or any consonant that can take the mark.

Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, words with one syllable, or with inflection suffixes.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Unmarked spellings
|+Summary table
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small>
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small>
! colspan="2" |Latinization
! colspan="2" |Latinization
Line 10: Line 13:
!other
!other
|-
|-
!א <small>(Alef)</small>
!<big>א</big> <small>(Alef)</small>
|''none''
|'
|/ʔ/~''none''
|gives vowel before grave accent (`)
|-
!<big>בּ</big> <small>(Bet)</small>
|b
|bb
|/b/
|
|
|-
!<big>ב</big> <small>(Bet)</small>
|v
|b, bh, w
|/v/
|
|
|-
!<big>גּ</big> <small>(Gimel)</small>
|g
|gh, gg
|/g/
|
|
|-
!<big>ג</big> <small>(Gimel)</small>
|g
|gh
|/g/
|
|
|-
|-
!ב <small>(Bét)</small>
!''<big>ג׳</big> <small>(Gimel Geresh)‎</small>''
|
|j
|
|ǧ
|/d͡ʒ/
|mostly in loans
|-
!<big>ד</big> <small>(Dalet)</small>
|d
|dh, dd
|/d/
|
|
|-
!<big>ה</big>‎ <small>(He)</small>
|h, ''none'' (word-final)
|
|
|/h/~''none'', ''none''
|when word-final, used for
|-
!<big>ו</big> <small>(Waw)</small>
|w
|v
|/v/
|transcribes foreign /w/
|-
|-
!ג <small>(Gimel)</small>
!''<big>יו</big> <small>(Yud Waw)</small>''
|
|yw
|v, w, yv
|
|
|/v/
|
|
|-
|-
!ג׳ <small>(Gimel Geresh)‎</small>
!''<big>וּ</big> <small>(Shuruk)</small>''
|
|u
|oo, ou
|
|
|u
|
|
|-
|-
!ד <small>(Dalet)</small>
!<big>ז</big> <small>(Zayin)</small>
|
|z
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|-
!ה‎ <small>(He)</small>
!''<big>ז׳</big> <small>(Zayin Geresh)</small>''
|ž/zh
|
|
|
|
|
|ʒ
|mostly in loans
|-
|-
!ו <small>(Waw)</small>
!<big>ח</big> <small>(Hhet)</small>
|ḥ/hh
|
|ch, kh, h, ḥ
|
|ħ~χ
|
|
|
|-
|-
!ז <small>(Zayin)</small>
!<big>ט</big> <small>(Tet)</small>
|ṭ/t
|
|
|
|
|t
|
|
|-
|-
!ז׳ <small>(Zayin Geresh)</small>
!<big>י</big> <small>(Yud)‎</small>
|
|y
|
|
|
|j
|
|
|-
|-
!ח <small>(Hhet)</small>
!<big>כ -ך</big> <small>(Kaf)</small>
|k, kh
|
|
|
|
|/k/, /χ/
|
|
|-
|-
!ט <small>(Tet)</small>
!<big>ל</big> <small>(Lamed)</small>
|
|l
|
|
|
|/l/
|
|
|-
|-
!י <small>(Yud)‎</small>
!<big>מם</big> <small>(Mem)</small>
|
|m
|
|
|
|/m/
|
|
|-
|-
!כך <small>(Kaf)</small>
!<big>נן</big> <small>(Nun)</small>
|
|n
|
|
|
|/n/
|
|
|-
|-
!ל <small>(Lamed)</small>
!<big>ס</big> <small>(Samekh)</small>
|
|s
|
|
|
|/s/
|
|
|-
|-
!מם <small>(Mem)</small>
!<big>ע</big> <small>(Xayin)</small>
|
|x
|', 3, gh, j
|
|/ʕ/~/ʔ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
!נן <small>(Nun)</small>
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>(Pe)</small>
|
|p
|
|
|
|/p/
|
|
|-
|-
!ס <small>(Samekh)</small>
!<big>פ -ף</big> <small>(Pe)</small>
|
|f
|
|
|
|/f/
|
|
|-
|-
!ע <small>(Xayin)</small>
!<big>צ -ץ</big> <small>(Tzadik)</small>
|ç/tz
|
|c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ
|
|/t͡s/
|
|
|
|-
|-
!פף <small>(Pe)</small>
!<big>צ׳ -ץ׳</big> <small>(Tzadik Geresh)‎</small>
|
|c
|č, ch, tš
|
|/t͡ʃ/
|
|mostly in loans
|-
!<big>ק</big> <small>(Kuf)</small>
|ḳ/k
|q
|/k/
|used for /k/ in loanwords
|-
!<big>ר</big> <small>(Resh)</small>
|r
|
|
|/ʁ/, /r/
|/r/ is possible but substandard
|-
|-
!צץ <small>(Tzadik)</small>
!<big>ש</big> <small>(Shin)</small>
|š/sh
|
|
|
|
|
|/ʃ/
|Hebrew letter sometimes has a top-right dot
|-
|-
!צ׳ץ׳ <small>(Tzadik Geresh)‎</small>
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>(Shin Nekuda)</small>
|ś/s
|
|
|ç
|
|/s/
|
|
|-
|-
!ק <small>(Kuf)</small>
!<big>ת</big> <small>(Taw)</small>
|
|t
|
|tt
|
|/t/
|used for /θ/ in loanwords
|-
!<big>ת</big> <small>(Taw)</small>
|t
|th
|/t/
|
|
|}
The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Marked spellings
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small>
! colspan="2" |Latinization
! rowspan="2" |Sound (IPA)
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!wiki
!other
|-
|-
!ר <small>(Resh)</small>
!<big>אְ</big> <small>(Shwa Nahh)</small>
|''none''
|
|''none''
|
|''none''
|
|
|
|-
|-
!ש <small>(Shin)</small>
!<big>אְ</big> <small>(Shwa Nax)</small>
|
|e
|ė, ë, ə
|
|
|/e/
|
|
|-
|-
!שׂ <small>(Shin Smo'la)</small>
!<big>אַ</big> <small>(Patahh)</small>
|
|a
|
|
|
|/a/
|
|
|-
|-
!ת <small>(Taw)</small>
!<big>אֲ</big> <small>(Hhatáf Patahh)</small>
|
|a
|
|ǎ
|
|/a/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בּ <small>(Dagesh, Mapík)</small>''
!<big>אׇ</big>‎ <small>(Kamatz Gadol)</small>
|
|a
|
|â
|
|/a/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בְ <small>(Shwa)</small>''
!<big>אׇ</big>‎ <small>(Kamatz Katan)</small>
|
|o
|
|ǒ
|/o/
|sometimes substandardly use /a/
|-
!<big>אֳ</big> <small>(Hhatáf Kamatz)</small>
|o
|a
|/o/
|sometimes substandardly use /a/
|-
!<big>אֶ</big>‎ <small>(Segól)</small>
|e
|
|
|/e/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בַ <small>(Patahh)</small>''
!<big>אֱ</big> <small>(Hhatáf Segól)</small>
|
|e
|
|ě
|
|/e/
|
|
|-
|-
!''חֲ <small>(Hhatáf Patahh)</small>''
!<big>אֵ</big> <small>(Tzere)</small>
|
|e
|ē, ê
|
|
|/e/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בָ‎ <small>(Kamatz)</small>''
!<big>אִ</big> <small>(Hhirik)‎</small>
|
|i
|
|ǐ
|
|/i/
|
|
|-
|-
!''חֳ <small>(Hhatáf Kamatz)</small>''
!<big>אֹ</big> <small>(Hholám)</small>
|
|o
|ō, ô
|
|
|/o/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בֶ‎ <small>(Segól)</small>''
!<big>אֻ</big>‎ <small>(Kubutz)</small>
|
|u
|i, y
|
|
|/u/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בֶה ,בֶי <small>(Segól Malè)</small>''
!<big>אּ</big> <small>(Dagesh)</small>
|''(´) on following vowel''
|
|''(doubles consonant)''
|
|''none''
|
|marks stress in the following syllable
also changes sound of the letters <
|-
!<big>בּ</big> <small>(Bet Dagesh)</small>
|b
| -bb-
|/b/
|
|
|-
|-
!''חֱ <small>(Hhatáf Segól)</small>''
!<big>גּ</big> <small>(Gimel Dagesh)</small>
|
|g
| -gg-
|
|
|/g/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בֵ <small>(Tzere)</small>''
!<big>דּ</big> <small>(Dalet Dagesh)</small>
|
|d
| -dd-
|
|
|/d/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בֵי‎, בֵה <small>(Tzere Malè)</small>''
!<big>הּ</big> <small>(He Mapík)</small>
|
|h
| -hh, ''none''
|
|/h/~''none''
|
|
|
|-
|-
!''בִ <small>(Hhirik)‎</small>''
!וּ <small>(Shuruk)</small>
|
|u
|oo, ou
|
|
|/u/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בִי <small>(Hhirik Malè)‎</small>''
!<big>כּ -ךּ</big> <small>(Kaf Dagesh)</small>
|
|k
| -cc-, -ck-, -kk-
|
|
|/k/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בֹ <small>(Hholám)</small>''
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>(Pe Dagesh)</small>
|
|p
| -pp-
|
|
|/p/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בוֹ‎, בֹה‎ <small>(Hholám Malè)</small>''
!<big>תּ</big> <small>(Taw Dagesh)</small>
|
|t
| -tt-
|
|
|/t/
|
|
|-
|-
!''בֻ‎ <small>(Kubutz)</small>''
!<big>שׁ</big> <small>(Shin Nekuda)</small>
|š/sh
|
|
|
|
|/ʃ/
|
|
|-
|-
!''וּ <small>(Shuruk)</small>''
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>(Sin Nekuda)</small>
|ś/s
|
|
|ç
|
|/s/
|
|
|}
|}

Revision as of 11:14, 27 May 2023

Summary

Non-alphabet spellings listed in italics. Marks are listed after letter spellings and use Bet by default or any consonant that can take the mark.

Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, words with one syllable, or with inflection suffixes.

Unmarked spellings
Hebrew spelling (name) Latinization Sound (IPA) Notes
wiki other
א (Alef) none ' /ʔ/~none gives vowel before grave accent (`)
בּ (Bet) b bb /b/
ב (Bet) v b, bh, w /v/
גּ (Gimel) g gh, gg /g/
ג (Gimel) g gh /g/
ג׳ (Gimel Geresh)‎ j ǧ /d͡ʒ/ mostly in loans
ד (Dalet) d dh, dd /d/
ה‎ (He) h, none (word-final) /h/~none, none when word-final, used for
ו (Waw) w v /v/ transcribes foreign /w/
יו (Yud Waw) yw v, w, yv /v/
וּ (Shuruk) u oo, ou u
ז (Zayin) z z
ז׳ (Zayin Geresh) ž/zh ʒ mostly in loans
ח (Hhet) ḥ/hh ch, kh, h, ḥ ħ~χ
ט (Tet) ṭ/t t
י (Yud)‎ y j
כ -ך (Kaf) k, kh /k/, /χ/
ל (Lamed) l /l/
מם (Mem) m /m/
נן (Nun) n /n/
ס (Samekh) s /s/
ע (Xayin) x ', 3, gh, j /ʕ/~/ʔ/
פּ -ףּ (Pe) p /p/
פ -ף (Pe) f /f/
צ -ץ (Tzadik) ç/tz c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ /t͡s/
צ׳ -ץ׳ (Tzadik Geresh)‎ c č, ch, tš /t͡ʃ/ mostly in loans
ק (Kuf) ḳ/k q /k/ used for /k/ in loanwords
ר (Resh) r /ʁ/, /r/ /r/ is possible but substandard
ש (Shin) š/sh /ʃ/ Hebrew letter sometimes has a top-right dot
שׂ (Shin Nekuda) ś/s ç /s/
ת (Taw) t tt /t/ used for /θ/ in loanwords
ת (Taw) t th /t/

The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.

Marked spellings
Hebrew spelling (name) Latinization Sound (IPA) Notes
wiki other
אְ (Shwa Nahh) none none none
אְ (Shwa Nax) e ė, ë, ə /e/
אַ (Patahh) a /a/
אֲ (Hhatáf Patahh) a ǎ /a/
אׇ‎ (Kamatz Gadol) a â /a/
אׇ‎ (Kamatz Katan) o ǒ /o/ sometimes substandardly use /a/
אֳ (Hhatáf Kamatz) o a /o/ sometimes substandardly use /a/
אֶ‎ (Segól) e /e/
אֱ (Hhatáf Segól) e ě /e/
אֵ (Tzere) e ē, ê /e/
אִ (Hhirik)‎ i ǐ /i/
אֹ (Hholám) o ō, ô /o/
אֻ‎ (Kubutz) u i, y /u/
אּ (Dagesh) (´) on following vowel (doubles consonant) none marks stress in the following syllable

also changes sound of the letters <

בּ (Bet Dagesh) b -bb- /b/
גּ (Gimel Dagesh) g -gg- /g/
דּ (Dalet Dagesh) d -dd- /d/
הּ (He Mapík) h -hh, none /h/~none
וּ (Shuruk) u oo, ou /u/
כּ -ךּ (Kaf Dagesh) k -cc-, -ck-, -kk- /k/
פּ -ףּ (Pe Dagesh) p -pp- /p/
תּ (Taw Dagesh) t -tt- /t/
שׁ (Shin Nekuda) š/sh /ʃ/
שׂ (Sin Nekuda) ś/s ç /s/

Sources

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