Hebrew latinization guide: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Unmarked spellings
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling
<small>name</small>
! colspan="2" |Latinization
! rowspan="2" |Sound (IPA)
Line 11 ⟶ 12:
!other
|-
!<big>א</big> <small>
|''none''
|'
Line 17 ⟶ 18:
|gives vowel before grave accent (`). often silent
|-
!<big>ב</big> <small>
|b, v
|b, bh, w
Line 23 ⟶ 24:
|usually /b/ <nowiki><b> word-initally</nowiki>
|-
!<big>ג</big> <small>
|g
|gh
Line 29 ⟶ 30:
|used for foreign /ɣ/
|-
!
|j
|ǧ
Line 35 ⟶ 36:
|
|-
!<big>ד</big> <small>
|d
|dh, dd
Line 41 ⟶ 42:
|used for foreign /ð/ and /dˀ/
|-
!<big>ה</big>
<small>Hé</small>
|h, ''none'' (word-final)
|
Line 47 ⟶ 49:
|represents word-final vowels that are not kept in inflections
|-
!<big>ו</big> <small>
|w
|u, v
Line 53 ⟶ 55:
|used for foreign /w/
|-
!
|yw
|v, w, yv
Line 59 ⟶ 61:
|
|-
!<big>ז</big> <small>
|z
|
Line 65 ⟶ 67:
|
|-
!
|ž/zh
|
Line 71 ⟶ 73:
|
|-
!<big>ח</big> <small>
|ḥ/hh
|ch, kh, h, ḥ
Line 77 ⟶ 79:
|often /χ/~/x/
|-
!<big>ט</big> <small>
|ṭ/t
|
Line 83 ⟶ 85:
|used for foreign /t/ and /tˀ/
|-
!<big>י</big> <small>
|y
|i, j
Line 89 ⟶ 91:
|also used for foreign /zˀ/~/ðˀ/
|-
!<big>כ -ך</big> <small>
|k, kh
|
Line 96 ⟶ 98:
used for foreign /x/ and /kʰ/
|-
!<big>ל</big> <small>
|l
|
Line 102 ⟶ 104:
|
|-
!<big>מם</big> <small>
|m
|
Line 108 ⟶ 110:
|
|-
!<big>נן</big> <small>
|n
|
Line 114 ⟶ 116:
|
|-
!<big>ס</big> <small>
|s
|
Line 120 ⟶ 122:
|transcribes foreign /sˀ/
|-
!<big>ע</big> <small>
|x
|', 3, gh, j
|/ʕ/~/ʔ/
|often /ʔ/ or silent.
|-
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>
|p, f
|ph, pp
Line 132 ⟶ 134:
|usually /p/ <nowiki><p> word-initially</nowiki>
|-
!<big>צ -ץ</big> <small>
|ç/tz
|c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ
Line 138 ⟶ 140:
|used for foreign /sˀ/
|-
!<big>צ׳ -ץ׳</big> <small>
|c
|č, ch, tš
Line 144 ⟶ 146:
|used for foreign /dˀ/
|-
!<big>ק</big> <small>
|ḳ/k
|q
Line 150 ⟶ 152:
|used for foreign /k/ and /q/
|-
!<big>ר</big> <small>
|r
|
Line 156 ⟶ 158:
|/r/ is possible but substandard
|-
!<big>ש</big> <small>
|š/ sh
|
Line 162 ⟶ 164:
|usually /ʃ/ <š/ sh>, but some words have /s/ <ś/ s>
|-
!<big>ת</big> <small>
|t
|th, tt
Line 179 ⟶ 181:
!other
|-
!<big>אְ</big> <small>
|''none''
|''none''
Line 185 ⟶ 187:
|
|-
!<big>אְ</big> <small>
|e
|ė, ë, ə
Line 191 ⟶ 193:
|
|-
!<big>אַ</big> <small>
|a
|
Line 197 ⟶ 199:
|
|-
!<big>אֲ</big> <small>
|a
|ǎ
Line 203 ⟶ 205:
|
|-
!<big>אׇ</big>
<small>Kamatz Gadol</small>
|á, a
|â
Line 209 ⟶ 212:
|
|-
!<big>אׇ</big>
<small>Kamatz Katan</small>
|o
|ǒ
Line 215 ⟶ 219:
|sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a>
|-
!<big>אֳ</big> <small>
|o
|a
Line 221 ⟶ 225:
|sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a>
|-
!<big>אֶ</big>
<small>Segól</small>
|e
|
Line 227 ⟶ 232:
|
|-
!<big>אֱ</big> <small>
|e
|ě
Line 233 ⟶ 238:
|
|-
!<big>אֵ</big> <small>
|é, e
|ē, ê, ei, ey
Line 239 ⟶ 244:
|
|-
!<big>אֵי</big> <small>
|é, e
|ē, ê, ei, ey
Line 245 ⟶ 250:
|
|-
!<big>אִ</big> <small>
|i
|ǐ
Line 251 ⟶ 256:
|
|-
!<big>אִי</big> <small>
|í, i
|ī, î, iy
Line 257 ⟶ 262:
|
|-
!<big>אֹ</big> <small>
|ó, o
|ō, ô, ou, ow
Line 263 ⟶ 268:
|
|-
!<big>אֻ</big>
<small>Kubútz</small>
|u
|i, y
Line 269 ⟶ 275:
|also called shurek or shuruk
|-
!<big>אּ</big> <small>
|''(´) on following vowel''
|''(doubles consonant)''
Line 276 ⟶ 282:
also changes sound of the letters <ב ג ד ה ו כך פף ת>
|-
!<big>בּ</big> <small>
|b
| -bb-
Line 282 ⟶ 288:
|
|-
!<big>גּ</big> <small>
|g
| -gg-
Line 288 ⟶ 294:
|
|-
!<big>דּ</big> <small>
|d
| -dd-
Line 294 ⟶ 300:
|
|-
!<big>הּ</big> <small>
|h
| -hh, ''none''
Line 300 ⟶ 306:
|also substandardly silent
|-
!<big>וּ</big> <small>
|ú, u
|oo, ou
Line 306 ⟶ 312:
|also called melòpum
|-
!<big>כּ -ךּ</big> <small>
|k
| -cc-, -ck-, -kk-
Line 312 ⟶ 318:
|
|-
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>
|p
| -pp-
Line 318 ⟶ 324:
|
|-
!<big>תּ</big> <small>
|t
| -tt-
Line 324 ⟶ 330:
|
|-
!<big>וׂ</big> <small>
|ó, o
|ō, ô, ou, ow
Line 330 ⟶ 336:
|
|-
!<big>שׁ</big> <small>
|š/ sh
|
Line 336 ⟶ 342:
|
|-
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>
|ś/ s
|ç
|/s/
|
|-
!׳
<small>Geresh, Cupcik</small>
|changes letter sounds
|
|n/a
|
|-
!״
<small>Gershayím</small>
|marks an acronym
|
|n/a
|
|}
Line 374 ⟶ 394:
== Sources ==
[[Category:
| |||
Revision as of 21:06, 28 May 2023
Summary
Non-alphabet spellings listed in italics. Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, or with inflection suffixes.
| Hebrew spelling
name |
Latinization | Sound (IPA) | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| wiki | other | |||
| א Alef | none | ' | /ʔ/~none | gives vowel before grave accent (`). often silent |
| ב Bét | b, v | b, bh, w | /b/, /v/ | usually /b/ <b> word-initally |
| ג Gimel | g | gh | /g/ | used for foreign /ɣ/ |
| ג׳ Gimel ximGeresh | j | ǧ | /d͡ʒ/ | |
| ד Dalet | d | dh, dd | /d/ | used for foreign /ð/ and /dˀ/ |
| ה
Hé |
h, none (word-final) | /h/~none, none | represents word-final vowels that are not kept in inflections | |
| ו Wáw | w | u, v | /v/ | used for foreign /w/ |
| יו Yud Wáw | yw | v, w, yv | /v/ | |
| ז Zayn, Zayin | z | /z/ | ||
| ז׳ Zayn ximGeresh | ž/zh | /ʒ/ | ||
| ח Hhét | ḥ/hh | ch, kh, h, ḥ | /ħ/~/χ/ | often /χ/~/x/ |
| ט Tét | ṭ/t | /t/ | used for foreign /t/ and /tˀ/ | |
| י Yud, Yod | y | i, j | /j/ | also used for foreign /zˀ/~/ðˀ/ |
| כ -ך Káf | k, kh | /k/, /χ/ | usually /k/ <k> word-initally
used for foreign /x/ and /kʰ/ | |
| ל Lamed | l | /l/ | ||
| מם Mém | m | /m/ | ||
| נן Nun | n | /n/ | ||
| ס Samekh | s | /s/ | transcribes foreign /sˀ/ | |
| ע Xayn, Xayin | x | ', 3, gh, j | /ʕ/~/ʔ/ | often /ʔ/ or silent. can transcribe foreign /ɣ/ |
| פּ -ףּ Pé | p, f | ph, pp | /p/, /f/ | usually /p/ <p> word-initially |
| צ -ץ Tzadik, Tzadi | ç/tz | c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ | /t͡s/ | used for foreign /sˀ/ |
| צ׳ -ץ׳ Tzadik ximGeresh | c | č, ch, tš | /t͡ʃ/ | used for foreign /dˀ/ |
| ק Kuf, Kof | ḳ/k | q | /k/ | used for foreign /k/ and /q/ |
| ר Résh | r | /ʁ/~/ɣ/, /r/ | /r/ is possible but substandard | |
| ש Shin | š/ sh | /ʃ/, /s/ | usually /ʃ/ <š/ sh>, but some words have /s/ <ś/ s> | |
| ת Táw | t | th, tt | /t/ | used for foreign /θ/ and /tʰ/ |
The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.
| Hebrew spelling (name) | Latinization | Sound (IPA) | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| wiki | other | |||
| אְ Shwà Nahh | none | none | none | |
| אְ Shwà Nax | e | ė, ë, ə | /e/ | |
| אַ Patahh | a | /a/ | ||
| אֲ Hhatáf Patahh | a | ǎ | /a/ | |
| אׇ
Kamatz Gadol |
á, a | â | /a/ | |
| אׇ
Kamatz Katan |
o | ǒ | /o/ | sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a> |
| אֳ Hhatáf Kamatz | o | a | /o/ | sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a> |
| אֶ
Segól |
e | /e/ | ||
| אֱ Hhatáf Segól | e | ě | /e/ | |
| אֵ Tzere | é, e | ē, ê, ei, ey | /e/ | |
| אֵי Tzere Malè | é, e | ē, ê, ei, ey | /e/ | |
| אִ Hhirik | i | ǐ | /i/ | |
| אִי Hhirik Malè | í, i | ī, î, iy | /i/ | |
| אֹ Hholám | ó, o | ō, ô, ou, ow | /o/ | |
| אֻ
Kubútz |
u | i, y | /u/ | also called shurek or shuruk |
| אּ Dagésh | (´) on following vowel | (doubles consonant) | none | marks stress in the following syllable
also changes sound of the letters <ב ג ד ה ו כך פף ת> |
| בּ Bét Dagésh | b | -bb- | /b/ | |
| גּ Gimel Dagésh | g | -gg- | /g/ | |
| דּ Dalet Dagésh | d | -dd- | /d/ | |
| הּ He ximMapík | h | -hh, none | /h/~none | also substandardly silent |
| וּ Shuruk | ú, u | oo, ou | /u/ | also called melòpum |
| כּ -ךּ Káf ximDagésh | k | -cc-, -ck-, -kk- | /k/ | |
| פּ -ףּ Pé ximDagésh | p | -pp- | /p/ | |
| תּ Táw ximDagésh | t | -tt- | /t/ | |
| וׂ Hholam Malè | ó, o | ō, ô, ou, ow | /o/ | |
| שׁ Shin Nekuda | š/ sh | /ʃ/ | ||
| שׂ Sin Nekuda | ś/ s | ç | /s/ | |
| ׳
Geresh, Cupcik |
changes letter sounds | n/a | ||
| ״
Gershayím |
marks an acronym | n/a | ||
| Hebrew spelling | Meaning | Wiki latinization | Irregularity | Sound (IPA) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
