Hebrew latinization guide: Difference between revisions

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== Summary ==
== Summary ==
Non-alphabet spellings listed in ''italics.'' Marks are listed after letter spellings and use Bet by default or any consonant that can take the mark.
Non-alphabet spellings listed in ''italics.'' Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, or with inflection suffixes.

Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, words with one syllable, or with inflection suffixes.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Unmarked spellings
|+Unmarked spellings
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small>
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling
<small>Name</small>
! colspan="2" |Latinization
! colspan="2" |Latinization
! rowspan="2" |Sound (IPA)
! rowspan="2" |Sound (IPA)
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!other
!other
|-
|-
!<big>א</big> <small>(Alef)</small>
!<big>א</big> <small>Alef</small>
|''none''
|''none''
|'
|'
|/ʔ/~''none''
|/ʔ/~''none''
|gives vowel before grave accent (`)
|gives vowel before grave accent (`). often silent
|-
|-
!<big>בּ</big> <small>(Bet)</small>
!<big>ב</big> <small>Bét</small>
|b
|b, v
|bb
|/b/
|
|-
!<big>ב</big> <small>(Bet)</small>
|v
|b, bh, w
|b, bh, w
|/v/
|/b/, /v/
|usually /b/ <nowiki><b> word-initally</nowiki>
|
|-
!<big>גּ</big> <small>(Gimel)</small>
|g
|gh, gg
|/g/
|
|-
|-
!<big>ג</big> <small>(Gimel)</small>
!<big>ג</big> <small>Gimel</small>
|g
|g
|gh
|gh
|/g/
|/g/
|used for foreign /ɣ/
|
|-
|-
!''<big>ג׳</big> <small>(Gimel Geresh)‎</small>''
!<big>ג׳</big> <small>''Gimel ximGeresh''</small>
|j
|j
|ǧ
|ǧ
|/d͡ʒ/
|/d͡ʒ/
|
|mostly in loans
|-
|-
!<big>ד</big> <small>(Dalet)</small>
!<big>ד</big> <small>Dalet</small>
|d
|d
|dh, dd
|dh, dd
|/d/
|/d/
|used for foreign /ð/ and /dˀ/
|
|-
|-
!<big>ה</big>‎ <small>(He)</small>
!<big>ה</big>‎ <small>Hé</small>
|h, ''none'' (word-final)
|h, ''none'' (word-final)
|
|
|/h/~''none'', ''none''
|/h/~''none'', ''none''
|when word-final, used for
|represents word-final vowels that are not kept in inflections
|-
|-
!<big>ו</big> <small>(Waw)</small>
!<big>ו</big> <small>Wáw</small>
|w
|w
|v
|u, v
|/v/
|/v/
|transcribes foreign /w/
|used for foreign /w/
|-
|-
!''<big>יו</big> <small>(Yud Waw)</small>''
!<big>יו</big> <small>''Yud Wáw''</small>
|yw
|yw
|v, w, yv
|v, w, yv
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|
|
|-
|-
!''<big>וּ</big> <small>(Shuruk)</small>''
!<big>ז</big> <small>Zayn, Zayin</small>
|u
|oo, ou
|u
|
|-
!<big>ז</big> <small>(Zayin)</small>
|z
|z
|
|
|z
|/z/
|
|
|-
|-
!''<big>ז׳</big> <small>(Zayin Geresh)</small>''
!<big>ז׳</big> <small>''Zayn ximGeresh''</small>
|ž/zh
|ž/zh
|
|
|ʒ
|/ʒ/
|
|mostly in loans
|-
|-
!<big>ח</big> <small>(Hhet)</small>
!<big>ח</big> <small>Hhét</small>
|ḥ/hh
|ḥ/hh
|ch, kh, h, ḥ
|ch, kh, h, ḥ
|ħ~χ
|/ħ/~/χ/
|often /χ/~/x/
|
|-
|-
!<big>ט</big> <small>(Tet)</small>
!<big>ט</big> <small>Tét</small>
|ṭ/t
|ṭ/t
|
|
|t
|/t/
|used for foreign /t/ and /tˀ/
|
|-
|-
!<big>י</big> <small>(Yud)‎</small>
!<big>י</big> <small>Yud, Yod</small>
|y
|y
|i, j
|
|j
|/j/
|also used for foreign /zˀ/~/ðˀ/
|
|-
|-
!<big>כ -ך</big> <small>(Kaf)</small>
!<big>כ -ך</big> <small>Káf</small>
|k, kh
|k, kh
|
|
|/k/, /χ/
|/k/, /χ/
|usually /k/ <k> word-initally
|
used for foreign /x/ and /kʰ/
|-
|-
!<big>ל</big> <small>(Lamed)</small>
!<big>ל</big> <small>Lamed</small>
|l
|l
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>מם</big> <small>(Mem)</small>
!<big>מם</big> <small>Mém</small>
|m
|m
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>נן</big> <small>(Nun)</small>
!<big>נן</big> <small>Nun</small>
|n
|n
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>ס</big> <small>(Samekh)</small>
!<big>ס</big> <small>Samekh</small>
|s
|s
|
|
|/s/
|/s/
|transcribes foreign /sˀ/
|
|-
|-
!<big>ע</big> <small>(Xayin)</small>
!<big>ע</big> <small>Xayn, Xayin</small>
|x
|x
|', 3, gh, j
|', 3, gh, j
|/ʕ/~/ʔ/
|/ʕ/~/ʔ/
|often /ʔ/ or silent. can transcribe foreign /ɣ/
|
|-
|-
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>(Pe)</small>
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>Pé</small>
|p
|p, f
|ph, pp
|
|/p/
|/p/, /f/
|usually /p/ <nowiki><p> word-initially</nowiki>
|
|-
|-
!<big>פ -ף</big> <small>(Pe)</small>
!<big>צ -ץ</big> <small>Tzadik, Tzadi</small>
|f
|
|/f/
|
|-
!<big>צ -ץ</big> <small>(Tzadik)</small>
|ç/tz
|ç/tz
|c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ
|c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ
|/t͡s/
|/t͡s/
|used for foreign /sˀ/
|
|-
|-
!<big>צ׳ -ץ׳</big> <small>(Tzadik Geresh)‎</small>
!<big>צ׳ -ץ׳</big> <small>''Tzadik ximGeresh''</small>
|c
|c
|č, ch, tš
|č, ch, tš
|/t͡ʃ/
|/t͡ʃ/
|used for foreign /dˀ/
|mostly in loans
|-
|-
!<big>ק</big> <small>(Kuf)</small>
!<big>ק</big> <small>Kuf, Kof</small>
|ḳ/k
|ḳ/k
|q
|q
|/k/
|/k/
|used for /k/ in loanwords
|used for foreign /k/ and /q/
|-
|-
!<big>ר</big> <small>(Resh)</small>
!<big>ר</big> <small>Résh</small>
|r
|r
|
|
|/ʁ/, /r/
|/ʁ/~/ɣ/, /r/
|/r/ is possible but substandard
|/r/ is possible but substandard
|-
|-
!<big>ש</big> <small>(Shin)</small>
!<big>ש</big> <small>Shin</small>
|š/sh
|š/ sh
|
|
|/ʃ/
|/ʃ/, /s/
|usually /ʃ/ <š/ sh>, but some words have /s/ <ś/ s>
|Hebrew letter sometimes has a top-right dot
|-
|-
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>(Shin Nekuda)</small>
!<big>ת</big> <small>Táw</small>
|ś/s
|ç
|/s/
|
|-
!<big>ת</big> <small>(Taw)</small>
|t
|t
|tt
|th, tt
|/t/
|/t/
|used for /θ/ in loanwords
|used for foreign /θ/ and /tʰ/
|-
!<big>ת</big> <small>(Taw)</small>
|t
|th
|/t/
|
|}
|}
The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.
The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Marked spellings
|+Marked spellings
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small>
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew spelling <small>(name)</small>
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!other
!other
|-
|-
!<big>אְ</big> <small>(Shwa Nahh)</small>
!<big>אְ</big> <small>Shwà Nahh</small>
|''none''
|''none''
|''none''
|''none''
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אְ</big> <small>(Shwa Nax)</small>
!<big>אְ</big> <small>Shwà Nax</small>
|e
|e
|ė, ë, ə
|ė, ë, ə
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אַ</big> <small>(Patahh)</small>
!<big>אַ</big> <small>Patahh</small>
|a
|a
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אֲ</big> <small>(Hhatáf Patahh)</small>
!<big>אֲ</big> <small>Hhatáf Patahh</small>
|a
|a
|ǎ
|ǎ
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אׇ</big>‎ <small>(Kamatz Gadol)</small>
!<big>אׇ</big>‎
<small>Kamatz Gadol</small>
|a
|á, a
|â
|â
|/a/
|/a/
|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אׇ</big>‎ <small>(Kamatz Katan)</small>
!<big>אׇ</big>‎
<small>Kamatz Katan</small>
|o
|o
|ǒ
|ǒ
|/o/
|/o/
|sometimes substandardly use /a/
|sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a>
|-
|-
!<big>אֳ</big> <small>(Hhatáf Kamatz)</small>
!<big>אֳ</big> <small>Hhatáf Kamatz</small>
|o
|o
|a
|a
|/o/
|/o/
|sometimes substandardly use /a/
|sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a>
|-
|-
!<big>אֶ</big>‎ <small>(Segól)</small>
!<big>אֶ</big>‎
<small>Segól</small>
|e
|e
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אֱ</big> <small>(Hhatáf Segól)</small>
!<big>אֱ</big> <small>Hhatáf Segól</small>
|e
|e
|ě
|ě
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אֵ</big> <small>(Tzere)</small>
!<big>אֵ</big> <small>Tzere</small>
|e
|é, e
|ē, ê
|ē, ê, ei, ey
|/e/
|/e/
|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אִ</big> <small>(Hhirik)‎</small>
!<big>אֵי</big> <small>Tzere Malè</small>
|é, e
|ē, ê, ei, ey
|/e/
|
|-
!<big>אִ</big> <small>Hhirik</small>
|i
|i
|ǐ
|ǐ
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אֹ</big> <small>(Hholám)</small>
!<big>אִי</big> <small>Hhirik Malè</small>
|í, i
|o
|ō, ô
|ī, î, iy
|/i/
|
|-
!<big>אֹ</big> <small>Hholám</small>
|ó, o
|ō, ô, ou, ow
|/o/
|/o/
|
|
|-
|-
!<big>אֻ</big>‎ <small>(Kubutz)</small>
!<big>אֻ</big>‎
<small>Kubútz</small>
|u
|u
|i, y
|i, y
|/u/
|/u/
|also called shurek or shuruk
|
|-
|-
!<big>אּ</big> <small>(Dagesh)</small>
!<big>אּ</big> <small>Dagésh</small>
|''(´) on following vowel''
|''(´) on following vowel''
|''(doubles consonant)''
|''(doubles consonant)''
|''none''
|''none''
|marks stress in the following syllable
|marks stress in the following syllable
also changes sound of the letters <
also changes sound of the letters <ב ג ד ה ו כך פף ת>
|-
|-
!<big>בּ</big> <small>(Bet Dagesh)</small>
!<big>בּ</big> <small>''Bét Dagésh''</small>
|b
|b
| -bb-
| -bb-
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>גּ</big> <small>(Gimel Dagesh)</small>
!<big>גּ</big> <small>''Gimel Dagésh''</small>
|g
|g
| -gg-
| -gg-
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>דּ</big> <small>(Dalet Dagesh)</small>
!<big>דּ</big> <small>''Dalet Dagésh''</small>
|d
|d
| -dd-
| -dd-
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>הּ</big> <small>(He Mapík)</small>
!<big>הּ</big> <small>''He ximMapík''</small>
|h
|h
| -hh, ''none''
| -hh, ''none''
|/h/~''none''
|/h/~''none''
|also substandardly silent
|
|-
|-
!וּ <small>(Shuruk)</small>
!<big>וּ</big> <small>Shuruk</small>
|u
|ú, u
|oo, ou
|oo, ou
|/u/
|/u/
|also called melòpum
|
|-
|-
!<big>כּ -ךּ</big> <small>(Kaf Dagesh)</small>
!<big>כּ -ךּ</big> <small>''Káf ximDagésh''</small>
|k
|k
| -cc-, -ck-, -kk-
| -cc-, -ck-, -kk-
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>(Pe Dagesh)</small>
!<big>פּ -ףּ</big> <small>''Pé ximDagésh''</small>
|p
|p
| -pp-
| -pp-
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>תּ</big> <small>(Taw Dagesh)</small>
!<big>תּ</big> <small>''Táw ximDagésh''</small>
|t
|t
| -tt-
| -tt-
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|
|
|-
|-
!<big>שׁ</big> <small>(Shin Nekuda)</small>
!<big>וׂ</big> <small>Hholam Malè</small>
|ó, o
|š/sh
|ō, ô, ou, ow
|/o/
|
|-
!<big>שׁ</big> <small>''Shin Nekuda''</small>
|š/ sh
|
|
|/ʃ/
|/ʃ/
|
|
|-
|-
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>(Sin Nekuda)</small>
!<big>שׂ</big> <small>''Sin Nekuda''</small>
|ś/s
|ś/ s
|ç
|ç
|/s/
|/s/
|
|-
!׳
<small>Geresh, Cupcik</small>
|changes letter sounds
|
|n/a
|
|-
!״
<small>Gershayím</small>
|marks an acronym
|
|n/a
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Irregular spellings
!Hebrew spelling
!Meaning
!Wiki latinization
!Irregularity
!Sound (IPA)
!Notes
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
[[Category:Incomplete]]
[[Category:Latinization guides]]
[[Category:Language guides]]

Latest revision as of 21:08, 28 May 2023

Summary

Non-alphabet spellings listed in italics. Stress is marked on with an acute accent (´) on the vowel. This isn't used on second-to-last syllables, syllables ending in vowels, or with inflection suffixes.

Unmarked spellings
Hebrew spelling

Name

Latinization Sound (IPA) Notes
wiki other
א Alef none ' /ʔ/~none gives vowel before grave accent (`). often silent
ב Bét b, v b, bh, w /b/, /v/ usually /b/ <b> word-initally
ג Gimel g gh /g/ used for foreign /ɣ/
ג׳ Gimel ximGeresh j ǧ /d͡ʒ/
ד Dalet d dh, dd /d/ used for foreign /ð/ and /dˀ/
ה‎ Hé h, none (word-final) /h/~none, none represents word-final vowels that are not kept in inflections
ו Wáw w u, v /v/ used for foreign /w/
יו Yud Wáw yw v, w, yv /v/
ז Zayn, Zayin z /z/
ז׳ Zayn ximGeresh ž/zh /ʒ/
ח Hhét ḥ/hh ch, kh, h, ḥ /ħ/~/χ/ often /χ/~/x/
ט Tét ṭ/t /t/ used for foreign /t/ and /tˀ/
י Yud, Yod y i, j /j/ also used for foreign /zˀ/~/ðˀ/
כ -ך Káf k, kh /k/, /χ/ usually /k/ <k> word-initally

used for foreign /x/ and /kʰ/

ל Lamed l /l/
מם Mém m /m/
נן Nun n /n/
ס Samekh s /s/ transcribes foreign /sˀ/
ע Xayn, Xayin x ', 3, gh, j /ʕ/~/ʔ/ often /ʔ/ or silent. can transcribe foreign /ɣ/
פּ -ףּ Pé p, f ph, pp /p/, /f/ usually /p/ <p> word-initially
צ -ץ Tzadik, Tzadi ç/tz c, s, ṣ, ts, z/ ẓ /t͡s/ used for foreign /sˀ/
צ׳ -ץ׳ Tzadik ximGeresh c č, ch, tš /t͡ʃ/ used for foreign /dˀ/
ק Kuf, Kof ḳ/k q /k/ used for foreign /k/ and /q/
ר Résh r /ʁ/~/ɣ/, /r/ /r/ is possible but substandard
ש Shin š/ sh /ʃ/, /s/ usually /ʃ/ <š/ sh>, but some words have /s/ <ś/ s>
ת Táw t th, tt /t/ used for foreign /θ/ and /tʰ/

The following letters/ marks are not guaranteed to appear in text but are often used in precise writing. None of them can be written alone. The alef (א) written here is used for example with marks that don't require any specific letter.

Marked spellings
Hebrew spelling (name) Latinization Sound (IPA) Notes
wiki other
אְ Shwà Nahh none none none
אְ Shwà Nax e ė, ë, ə /e/
אַ Patahh a /a/
אֲ Hhatáf Patahh a ǎ /a/
אׇ‎

Kamatz Gadol

á, a â /a/
אׇ‎

Kamatz Katan

o ǒ /o/ sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a>
אֳ Hhatáf Kamatz o a /o/ sometimes substandardly has /a/ <a>
אֶ‎

Segól

e /e/
אֱ Hhatáf Segól e ě /e/
אֵ Tzere é, e ē, ê, ei, ey /e/
אֵי Tzere Malè é, e ē, ê, ei, ey /e/
אִ Hhirik i ǐ /i/
אִי Hhirik Malè í, i ī, î, iy /i/
אֹ Hholám ó, o ō, ô, ou, ow /o/
אֻ‎

Kubútz

u i, y /u/ also called shurek or shuruk
אּ Dagésh (´) on following vowel (doubles consonant) none marks stress in the following syllable

also changes sound of the letters <ב ג ד ה ו כך פף ת>

בּ Bét Dagésh b -bb- /b/
גּ Gimel Dagésh g -gg- /g/
דּ Dalet Dagésh d -dd- /d/
הּ He ximMapík h -hh, none /h/~none also substandardly silent
וּ Shuruk ú, u oo, ou /u/ also called melòpum
כּ -ךּ Káf ximDagésh k -cc-, -ck-, -kk- /k/
פּ -ףּ Pé ximDagésh p -pp- /p/
תּ Táw ximDagésh t -tt- /t/
וׂ Hholam Malè ó, o ō, ô, ou, ow /o/
שׁ Shin Nekuda š/ sh /ʃ/
שׂ Sin Nekuda ś/ s ç /s/
׳

Geresh, Cupcik

changes letter sounds n/a
״

Gershayím

marks an acronym n/a
Irregular spellings
Hebrew spelling Meaning Wiki latinization Irregularity Sound (IPA) Notes

Sources

Retrieved from "https://videocreditarchive.wikitide.org/wiki/Hebrew_latinization_guide?oldid=23826"
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